Chaining Open Source Software: The Case Against Software Patents :: Technology Essays

Chaining Open Source Software: The Case Against Software Patents Software has become an integral part of our society. The economic success of our country depends on the success of the software industry. ``Open source'' software, software which users are allowed to modify and redistribute, is a very important part of the software industry. Unfortunately, the increased use of software patents threatens the future of this type of software. The importance of open source software is evident in the number of people who make use of it. Most users do not realize that they make use of open source software because much of this software lies on servers. Many Internet Service Providers have Linux, FreeBSD, or another open source operating system on their systems to provide reliable dial-up service to customers. Most email goes through at least one sendmail server or some other open source email server. BIND is the most widely used software for DNS services---the services that translate server names such as ``www.gnu.org'' to a numerical IP address. According to a recent survey by E-Soft of almost 1.5 million web servers, over fifty-percent of web servers run Apache, an open source web server (``Web''). Everyone should be concerned about any possible hindrances to open source software. Without this type of software many services would not be widely available today. It is also probable that a decentralized worldwide network such as the Internet would not exist if open source software was not such a force. Software patents have hindered the proliferation of open source software in the past and they could easily damage the future of open source software and the rest of the software industry. Supporters of software patents claim that the involvement of the patent system is needed to provide incentive to innovate new software technology. They believe that the developers of new software technology have a right to a monopoly on the technology as it falls under the category of ``intellectual property.'' Many companies that support software patents have large investments in existing patent portfolios. This includes companies such as IBM, Unisys and Microsoft. They collect royalties from their patents which supporters of software patents feel they are entitled to. Supporters of software patents believe that recent advancements in the strength of software patent protection give ``a powerful new legal tool to software developers'' (``High Court''). Their belief is that the software industry is just suffering ``growing pains'' and should endure while the legal system clarifies law.

Critical Theory and the Middle East Essay

Critical theory is actually tackled by two different intellectual traditions from which the term is derived – critical theory in literary studies and critical social theory. The former is primarily a form of hermeneutics, or knowledge that is gained through the interpretation in the understanding of the meanings presented through human texts and symbolic expressions. On the other hand, the latter is a form of knowledge that is self-reflective which involves both understanding and theoretical explanation which intend reduction of entrapment within systems like domination and dependence, in the advancement of emancipator interest to expand autonomy and reduce domination. Critical theory from a sociological perspective, is best defined as that social theory that is in contrast to some of the principles of the 20th century positivism, and is, in fact, sometimes referred to as negative philosophy. Contrary to the general idea that knowledge comes from people’s sense-experience, critical theory proposes rationalism which posits that the source of knowledge and the source of common humanity is the fact that humans are rational beings. This paper adopts the sociological perspective of critical theory, and relates it with the Middle East scenario, taking Qatar into particular focus, as an example of the Middle East countries. Historical Background The concept of critical theory dates as early as 1937, with Max Horkheimer of Frankfurt School giving meaning to it as a social theory that is oriented toward critiquing and changing the society in general, contrary to the traditional theory that is oriented merely in the understanding or explaining the society. Most accounts of the theory closely link it with the Frankfurt School of Social Research (or Frankfurt School which later became the International Institute for Research at Columbia University, New York in 1933), while some trace its origins to as far back through Hegelianism and Western Marxism. Most of the key contributors to the theory are employed at the Frankfurt Institute, like Theodore W. Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, along with Hokheimer who was the Institute’s Director at that time. The other contributors who were not employed at the Institute were Walter Benjamin and Ernst Bloch, both published their materials in the Institute’s journal as well as engaged in other activities of the Institute. Later on, in 1945, a certain Hannah Arendt also helped by extending the concern for liberation as developed in the works of the Institute. After 1945, in Germany, Jurgen Habermas and Axel Honeth continued the advancement of critical social theory. Marx’s Influence on the Critical Theory It has been said by analysts of today that the common thread between and among the German critical theory and the French post-structuralism is that they are both anchored on Karl Marx’s theory of social change, which generally proposes for philosophers and thinkers to not just interpret the world, but rather change it. Such Marxian theory has been revised by critical theorists to posit that the critical theory rests on the concept of intervention which comes from appropriate understanding of the past and present conditions which provides adequate insight towards change, or possibilities of it. Further down the history of critical theory, Marx’s great influence can be traced with the Praxis School, which was a Marxist humanist philosophical movement originating from Zagreb and Belgrade in Yugoslavia in the 1960s. This Praxis School was closely linked with the Frankfurt School and the Critical Theory. In fact, the term critical theory is derived from Marx’s concept about his work Capital as a form of critique of political economy. Middle East in Context The Middle East or the Muslim world in particular, has been perceived by the rest of the world as an oppressive society where only men have the freedom to live the way they want to live, while women are repressed and stay in the shadows of their men. It is anchored basically on the Islamic teachings which have shaped the Muslim people’s beliefs, culture and traditions. In a traditional Muslim society, the women are raised and trained to obey and serve men without questions or opinions. Muslim women are not allowed to decide on anything, even for their own personal concerns, since it is the men who have the right to decide – this comes from the practice of betrothing the women, and the men paying dowry for the women they marry. This technically makes the women possessions of men. Through the years, the plight of Muslim women who also want to pursue careers, who also want to live freely and have more options than to be betrothed and raise a family, have been slowly heard by the world. Through the years, things have changed dramatically and drastically in the Muslim World. Contemporary Muslim societies have successful Muslim women on boob tube talking about pleasurable sex, albeit maintaining that it be in the context of marriage, but still, such freedom to speak about sex in public was a big taboo in years past. Qatar’s Shiekah Muzah Bint Nasser Al Misned, is another example of an emancipated lot of Muslim women now successfully treading career paths that were never trodden before. How did it all happen? What brought about such changes in the society that was once repressive but now tolerate and allow women to have choices? Critical Theory in the Middle East (Qatar) The Middle East, particularly Qatar, has gone through a lot of upheavals, significantly changing the social, political and cultural landscape of the nation. Applying the critical social theory, which seeks to critically study the interrelated facets of society – political, economic and social – with interventions appropriately based on understanding, Qatari society has been led by its leaders into a more tolerant society in the interest of further development and advancement. Looking back to the socio-political and economic landscape that gave birth to the Marxian theory and the critical theory, it was a repressive society and constrictive governmental policies that were sought to change by the proponents. Mere analysis and understanding of such society and government were not enough, and thus interventions based on appropriate understanding was proposed. The Qatari situation is no different. Awakening to the real situation, deep understanding of them, led the people and the leaders to create changes which now manifest in its media, which is rich in stories of women achievers. One of the leading women figures in Qatar is none other Her Highness Shiekah Muzah Bint Nasser Al Misned, who heads the nation’s Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development. Summary The sociological definition of critical theory generally posits that it is necessary that matters be tackled in a multi-dimensional perspective, and that rationalism is as a key to understanding situations need to be coupled with interventions. In societies where societal norms tend to repress some sectors’ freedom, it is a necessity to pursue a critical outlook of the situation and provide measures to address the issues. In Qatar, for instance, the nation underwent various upheavals which significantly changed its social, political, cultural and economic scenarios, giving freedom to women as they have never experienced before. Personal Opinion Oppression or repression of any kind is always an unpleasant situation, much less to a more vulnerable group in the society, the women. History is replete with situations of oppression and repression, and almost all those situations ended up wrecking nations, which means that ultimately, the people are wrecked as the ultimate victims. The proponents of critical social theory emphasizes the rational nature of people which, if given deeper interpretation, only emphasizes that as rational beings, people must be treated as such, rational. Further, the argument of Marx that it is not enough for people or philosophers to merely interpret society, but rather must change it, rings a bell of truth in the contemporary times. For instance, in the Middle East, much have been written about the societal repression, but only recently have changes been felt and manifest. Only when some things have been done to change the situation. References Ahmed, L. , 1993, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate Edition: reissue, illustrated, Published by Yale University Press, 1993. Calhoun, C. J. , 1995, Critical social theory: culture, history, and the challenge of difference, Edition: reprint, Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 1995. Held, D. , 1980, Introduction to critical theory: Horkheimer to Habermas,Published by University of California Press, 1980. Swank, A. ,2007, Sexual healing: How big is kalaam kibeer? , Arab Media and Society. Issue 2, Summer 2007, Published by The American University in Cairo. UNDP-POGAR, 2007, Women in public life, gender and women, Gender and Citizenship Initiative, 2007.

Chicago Is A Diverse City - 1669 Words

Chicago is portrayed as a diverse city, especially in downtown Chicago. However, Chicago is, in fact, a segregated city. On the Northside of Chicago, the population is predominantly white, while on the South and West Side the population is made up of Hispanics and African Americans. To begin, living on the South and West Sides, someone is more likely to eat unhealthily. For example, on the Northside someone will be able to find grocery stores that have organic food, unlike on the South Side, where stores that sell organic food are limited; this difference represents health disparities. Health disparities can be defined as different people in certain neighborhoods do not get the same health benefits as other neighborhoods. The biggest threat to social justice in Chicago are health disparities, especially in the South and West Sides of town because people who are living there are more prone to diseases, people are prevented from eating healthily, and they are prevented from getting sim ple exercise. Health disparities are not based on income but on location. In Chicago, health disparities are a major problem because of segregation. While, on the Northside, someone is less likely to experience health disparities, it’s different on the South and West Sides. When someone looks at a map, they do not see how segregated a city is, but when someone is analyzing a certain neighborhood in Chicago, they will be able to see how segregated the city is. A study shows how neighborhoods inShow MoreRelatedChicago, Colorado, California1315 Words   |  6 Pageshigh city, exactly one mile above sea level. 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Introduction to Natural Monopoly

Community Is Not A Part Of A Community Essay - 1975 Words

We are all a part of a community, whether we realize it or not. One may not feel welcomed with a particular community, however, that does not mean one is not a part of it. Many may feel that they are not members of a community because of their physical features, racial background, gender, sexual orientation, culture, beliefs, etc.. Nevertheless, every human being has experienced multiple situations that distinguish what they identify themselves with. At most times, this type of individuality is shown through personal experiences within our community. Many may surround themselves with other people that give them a sense of compatibility. One should perceive that a community relates to an individual s way of life. It can be argued that a community is more than the cliche definition that is described as a group of individuals who live in the same area. The readings: â€Å"A letter to Marty (by N/A) and Who gets to graduate? by Paul Tough, prove that a community can have a strong impac t on the majority of an individual’s life. From my experience, I realized that a community is not only about one’s experiences but is about what one identifies themselves with, which can expand to many aspects. My community has impacted my life in terms of my goals, aspirations, cultures, morals, values, which unfold to ways of how I identify myself. My parents were born in Haiti. However, I was born in Manhattan, New York. Nearly after a year I was born, my parents moved to a residential areaShow MoreRelatedFirst Nation Community : A Part Of The Community1552 Words   |  7 PagesHUPACASTH FIRST NATION As a part of the community case study, we selected the Hupacasath First Nation community first nation that situated in the Vancouver Island, British Columbia. 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Homer the Greek poet Essay Example For Students

Homer the Greek poet Essay Two long epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey were written by Homer. The Iliad and the Odyssey set the start of all Greek literature. The setting of the Iliad and the Odyssey is in ancient Greece in the time frame at around 1200 B. C, up to 500 years after the Trojan War took place. In Homers poem he sometimes mentioned the name of some Greek gods. The Olympian gods as Homer represented them became accepted all over Greece and gave Greek religion whatever unity it had. Homers poem was usually spoken by, or sung by a group of bards called the Hemorrhoid or Sons of Homer. The Hemorrhoid are a group of expert who often composed the work of Homer. The Jobs of The Hemorrhoid was to recite some parts of Iliad and Odysseys at parties or public gatherings. A Bards would sometimes recite a prelude of his own composition before they would start their performance. Some of the Bards preludes have survived through the ages and now they are called Homeric Hymns. The Odyssey is a story about Odysseus, a hero of Troy. As Odysseus and his crew member attempt to sail home from the war, they face a series of multiple misfortunes causing Odysseus sail home to last ten year. A tale of traveling that takes place over many years Is not easy to recount, it can become a rambling sequential story. To prevent that Homer used a method called Flashback. In the Flashback method homer separates his story into a serious of different episodes. In each episode there Is a different subject so then the story can be much easier to understand and to relate to. The Iliad Is about the AR between the city of Troy and the Spartan and the events that led up to the Trojan War. The Iliad keeps a unique position In Western literature. The Iliad Is frequently recognized as the greatest work of Greek literature, and It Is also assumed to be the earliest work of Greek literature that was documented. A reason why Homers Iliad Is still famous as of today Is because there Is much more to It than It just being a story about war. In Homers Iliad he delivers Intense emotional representations of heroes Involved on both sides of the fight. The Greeks recognized Homer as the educator of all Greece. Homers epic poems were appreciated all through ancient Greece. In Homers epics he would often mention some of the Greek gods and represent them well In his poems. Homer representation of the Greek gods In his story became accepted all over ancient Greece, and gave the Greek religion whatever unity It had. Homers epics well-defined the gods and goddesses of ancient Greece and gave them their qualities. In both of Homers epics the Greek gods and goddesses lived high above earth and observed down on mortals with unbiased Interest. As of today people still recognize homer as the greatest Greek poet who has ever lived. Home to last ten year. A tale of traveling that takes place over many years is not easy a serious of different episodes. In each episode there is a different subject so then the story can be much easier to understand and to relate to. The Iliad is about the Trojan War. The Iliad keeps a unique position in Western literature. The Iliad is frequently recognized as the greatest work of Greek literature, and it is also assumed.

A Comparison And Contrast Of Nature Essay Example For Students

A Comparison And Contrast Of Nature Essay In the Nineteenth century Realism, Naturalism, and Symbolism were popular modes of expression by writers of that era. Such modes of expression were the use of nature in their writings. Two poets that really stand out among the rest are Charles Baudelaire 1821-1867 and Paul Verlaine 1844-1896. Baudelaire was referred to by many as the first Modern Poet and the father of modern criticism. Verlaine like Baudelaire was a symbolist poet, he was also French and referred to as the Prince of Poets. Both these poets touch on nature in their poems. It was in Baudelaires Song of Autumn I and Verlaines Autumn Song that similarities and differences were most evident. Their views of autumn had melodramatic view of death and at the same time can contrast with one another. Throughout this paper I will discuss the parallelism and divergence between these two poems. In Baudelaires first stanza of Song of Autumn I, he explains how the end of summer is near and the weather will become cold. He starts the reader off in the end of summer. Soon we shall plunge into the chilly fogs; Farewell, Swift light! Our summers are too short line 1-2, pg. 1151. Baudelaire then begins to explain the chopping down of the trees to gather firewood. This idea of the rhythmic thump firewood being delivered is repeated throughout his poem. In Verlaines Autumn Song, the first stanza is told in a very monotonous tone much like the first stanza of Song of autumn. Verlaine talks about long sobs and the feeling he has in heart, what he describing is the end of summer and begging of the gloomy season of autumn. This is exactly the same that Baudelaire describes in his first stanza. Verlaine difference in this stanza is that he starts the poem already in autumn whereas Bauderlaire starts his poem in the end of the summer. In the second stanza of Autumn Song, Verlaine discusses the feeling he has inside of him. Choking and pale when I mind the tale the hours keeplines 6-9, pg. 1169. Verlaine then relates back to memories of the summer and this makes him cry. My memory strays down other days and I weep,lines 10-12, pg. 1169. He also even makes references to idea of daylight savings time, the hours keep,line 9, pg. 1169. In that line he is saying that along with the gloomy aura of autumn there is now an extra hour. In Song of Autumn I, Baudelaires second stanza follows the theme of Verlaine. Here Baudelaire like Verlaine explains his personal feeling of autumn. All of winter will gather in my soul: Hate, anger, horror, chills, the hard forced work;lines 4-5, pg. 1151. Baudelaire however has a more cynical approach to his feeling; he describes in several adjectives the extent of his pain. Baudelaires next two lines really personify his feelings, And. Like the sun in his hell by the North Pole, My heart will be only a red and frozen block,lines 6-8, pg. 1151. What he is exemplifying in these lines is the strong hate that burns inside of him. Baudelaire seems to loathe everything that deals with autumn. As these poems progress there is an evident contrast in the tones of the poets writings. Verlaine has maintained a very slow and monotonous tone throughout, whereas Bauderlaire has been very boisterous about his feelings. Similar to a fire that has gasoline thrown on his fire his raging bigger and bigger with each stanza. In Song of Autumn I, stanza three, there really is no correlation between this stanza and the third stanza in Autumn Song. There is however a major contrast with this stanza and the whole poem by Verlaine. Baudelaire has kept a pattern of mentioning the idea of the chopping of firewood. He has kept it to an ever-other stanza pattern. Verlaine has no correlation between autumn and firewood. Baudelaire looks at autumn in a way that squirrel might. A squirrel spends autumn preparing for long haul of winter so the squirrel his constantly working through autumn. .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb , .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb .postImageUrl , .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb , .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb:hover , .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb:visited , .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb:active { border:0!important; } .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb:active , .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u309ac3487269ae22c12e37cd57ecfffb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The poet Edna Vincent Millay EssayBaudelaire explains All of winter will gather in my soul, the hard forced work,lines4-5, pg. 1151. He is saying the he has a lot of work to do to before the winter comes. In stanza three you see that constant chopping of logs is taking its toll on Baudelaire. I shudder, hearing every log that falls; No scaffold could be built with hollower sounds,lines 9-10, pg. 1151. Its almost as like Baudelaire is teetering on the brink of insanity with all the chopping of the trees. This stanza helps to really show how Song of Autumn I and Autumn Song, as similar as they are have differences. The last stanzas of both poems seem as though that they have no correlation, but underneath it there is a relationship between the stanzas and death. Verlaine looks at autumn in the last stanza as the final stand, he has still kept the monotonous tone throughout the poem. And I let me go where ill winds blow, now here, now therelines 13-15,pg. 1169. He goes to talk about how makes him feel like dead leaf being sent all over. Even as a dead leaf, anywhere,lines16-17,pg. 1169. Verlaine takes the approach that the autumn while carrying an essence of death, leaves one is a depressing state. Bauderlaire puts a spin on his poem; it seems that Baudelaires writing has almost assumed the role of a half-crazed man. He has gone from a tone of hate and rage, to a tone of a man that has been consumed by the madness. It seems to me, lulled by monotonous shocks, as if they were hastily nailing a coffin today. lines 13-15,pg. 1151. Baudelaire the relates back to memories of summer Yesterday was summer. Now autumn knocks,line 15,pg. 1151. He then ends the poem with an idea of death. That mysterious sound is like someones going away,line 16, pg. 1151. I feel that Baudelaire in this line is describing that the change from summer to autumn is like losing someone you love. It is very understandable for Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine to have similar poems. Both were symbolists poets and from France, They live relatively close in time. That is why it is not that unusual for their styles of nature to be similar. The thing that makes these two writers so unique is the fact that they both can have such great similarities between their feelings on a certain part of nature, and at the same time both have such distant ideas of writing it. Both these writers had the same feelings when they look at autumn; it was dark desolate time of the year according to both writers. Baudelaire however seemed enrage with this time of year, the fact of saying goodbye to summer to bring on Autumn fuel a fire deep inside of him. Verlaine looks at the coming of autumn as a dismal time of the year and this was apparent in the melancholy tone he keeps throughout the poem. Charles Bauderlaire and Paul Verlaine showed that their poems had a lot similitude and differences of nature.